Calculation of parallel connection

In a closed circuit connected in parallel, the amount of voltage at any place in the circuit is the same. While the amount of current flow and the amount of resistance can vary. To determine the amount of voltage and the amount of electrical resistance in parallel circuit, can use the formula:

It = I1 + I2 + I3 + • • • • • • + In
1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + • • • • • • + 1/Rn
Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 = • • • • • • = Vn

Where:
- Vt = number of voltage
- Rt = total resistance
- It = number of flow
- V1, V2, V3 = voltage of each source
- R1, R2, R3 = resistance of each component
- I1, I2, I3 = flow through each channel
- Vn = voltage at the source n
- Rn = resistance at the n components
- In = current in the channel n

Sample question:
What is the amount of voltage and current generated in the installation of three parallel battery voltage and current are respectively 1.5 V and 2 A?
Completion:
It = I1 + I2 + I3 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 A
Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 = 1.5 V
The number of voltage generated is a fixed 1.5 V and current of 6 A

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Calculation of the series connection

In a closed circuit connected in series, the current flow in any place in the circuit is the same. While the amount of voltage and the amount of resistance can vary. To determine the amount of voltage and the amount of electrical resistance in the series, can use the formula:

Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 + • • • • • • + Vn
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + • • • • • • + Rn
It = I1 = I2 = I3 = • • • • • • = In

Where:
- Vt = number of voltage
- Rt = total resistance
- It = number of flow
- V1, V2, V3 = voltage of each source
- R1, R2, R3 = resistance of each component
- I1, I2, I3 = flow through each channel
- Vn = voltage at the source n
- Rn = resistance at the n components
- In = current in the channel n

Sample question 1:
What is the amount of voltage and current generated in the installation of a series of three battery voltage and current are respectively 1.5 V and 1 A?
Completion:
Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 = 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 = 4.5 VOLTS
It = I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
The amount of voltage generated 4.5 VOLTS and the current is fixed at 1 A


Example question 2:
What is the amount of electrical resistance produced in the installation of a series of three electric load value of 4 Ω, 6 Ω, 8 Ω?
Completion:
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 = 4 + 6 + 8 = 18 Ω
The number of generated electrical resistance of 18 Ω

Based on the above, it can be concluded that:
1. Amount of voltage from a power source connected to the series is the sum of each voltage
2. Amount of resistance from a number of electrical loads or electrical components are connected series is the sum of each resistance
3. Currents in a series circuit is the same in all parts of the circuit

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Parallel connection

In electrical circuits, we recognize two types of standard connection, namely: the series connection and parallel connection. When the encounter is the form of connection other than that, basically a variation of the series and parallel connections. Previous articles have discussed the series and will now discuss the parallel connections.

Parallel connection
If several sources, load, or electrical devices connected in the same two pins, called a parallel connection. Figure 1 shows the parallel connection of three batteries.

Figure 1. Parallel connection of three batteries

Unlike the series connection, although one of the three removable battery, will not disturb the circuit in parallel connection, the lamp will remain lit.

Figure 2. One of the three removable battery, will not disturb the circuit in parallel connection

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Series connection

In electrical circuits, we recognize two types of standard connections, namely: the series connection and parallel connection. When the encounter is the form of connection other than that, basically a variation of the series and parallel connections. Here are described the series connection.

Series connection
If several sources, load, or electrical devices connected in a row with each other, so that current flows in relay started from the first, second, third and so on, called the series connection. Figure 1 shows the series connection of three batteries.

Figure 1. Series connection of three batteries

In a series connection, each of which carries a conductor of electric current to another part. Therefore, if the three batteries are connected in series with the lamp, one battery is disconnected, then cut off the electric current in series connection, so that the lamp will not light.

Figure 2. Cut off the electric current in series connection

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Value conversion unit

Other units in the form of greater numbers, sometimes inconvenient when we write it. For such cases, use the value of the conversion units such as the table below.

The following units commonly used in electrical engineering subjects

Value unit	Epsilon	Symbols	Equation
Tera	1012	T	1 THz=1000000000000 Hz
Giga	109	G	1 GHz=1000000000 Hz
Mega	106	M	1 MV=1000000 V
kilo	103	k	1 kV= 1000 V
milli	10-3	m	1 mA= 0.001 A
micro	10-6	µ	1 µA= 0.000001 A
nano	10-9	n	1 nF= 0.000000001 F
pico	10-12	p	1 pF= 0.000000000001 F
femto	10-15	f	1 fF=0.000000000000001 F

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How to pay electrical energy?

The amount of electrical energy used in a home is measured by using an electric meter (kWh meter in general term in Indonesia), which is connected to PLN's power supply lines. Calculate the electric meter electric energy usage in kWh units. Electricity bills charged to the user based on the amount of electrical energy consumption. The costs listed in the bill is calculated by using the formula:

Cost of electricity = electricity energy x cost per unit usage

Sample questions:
A flood warning light works on power 500 W. This lamp is lit every night for 10 hours. Electrical energy consumption cost is Rp 100 per kWh. What is the cost that must be paid for one month (30 days)?

Completion:
Cost of electricity = (500 W x 10 hours x 30) x Rp 100 = (0.5 kW x 300 hours) x Rp 100 = Rp 15000
The total cost to be paid amounting to Rp 15000

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The amount of energy

A number of electric power can generate power or energy. With electricity we can get a light, sound, heat, movement, and others. The amount of energy produced by an electrical device depends on:
- Rating power devices
- Long working time device

The greater the power the device, the more the amount of energy produced in a certain period. The longer the device worked, the more the amount of energy produced at a given power rating. Thus, it can be concluded that:

Electrical energy (W) = Power (P) x time (t)

The quantity of electrical energy is written with the notation W, and electrical energy unit called kilo Watt hour notation written in letters kWh.

Sample questions:
A water heater with 800 W power, takes 2 hours to boil water in a tank. What is the amount of energy released in this process?

Completion:
W = P x t = 800 W x 2 hours = 0.8 kW x 2 hours = 1.6 kWh
The amount of energy expenditure of 1.6 kWh

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Electric power

In incandescent lamps, electric power converted into the form of light and heat energy. If a light on in an hour, so long as the lamp uses a certain amount of energy. When the lights were on for two hours, the lamp uses energy twice as much from the one hour.

From the description above, can be concluded:
The amount of energy used is proportional to the time the lights burning.
Scale electric power notation is written with the letter P, and electric power units called Watt a letter written with the notation W.

In electrical circuits, power is proportional to the voltage and current. The greater the flow and the greater the voltage, the greater the power generated. This statement can be written with the formula:


Where:
- P indicates electrical power to the unit Watt (W)
- V shows the line voltage to the units of volts (V)
- I show the units of electric current Ampere (A)

Sample question 1:
An electric iron works with 220 V voltage and current flowing in it for 3 A, what power it produces?

Completion:
P = V x I = 220 V x 3 A = 660 W
The resulting power of 660 W

Sample question 2:
See picture below. If known lamp power (P) of 12 W, voltage (V) of 12 V, what is the electrical current (I) is flowing?

Completion:
I = P / V = 12 W / 12 V = 1 A
The electric current flowing at 1 A

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Electrical resistance and Ohm's law

Electrical resistance (R) is the friction or obstacles that are given a substance to an electrical current. With this friction or obstacles, causing the motion of electrons decreases. Barriers that hinder electron movement is called the resistance, while the instrument is called a resistor or resistance. Unit to measure electrical resistance is called Ohm or by the symbol Ω (read Omega).

The greater the resistance of a conductor, the smaller the electrical current flowing to him.

Ohm's law
The relationship between electric current, voltage, and electrical resistance in a circuit expressed in Ohm's law

Where:
- V shows the line voltage to the units of volts (V)
- I shows the electrical current to the units of Ampere (A)
- R indicates a unit of electrical resistance Ohm (Ω)

Sample questions:
See the picture below. Given the value of electric current (I) for 6 Ampere, and the value of resistance (R) of 15 Ω. What is the required voltage (V)?


Completion:
V = I x R = 6 x 15 = 90 Volts

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Voltage electricity

Electric voltage (V) is the force that moves electric current to flow along an electrical circuit. According to the theory of electron, a positively charged object if the object lack negatively charged electrons and if it is the excess electron. In different circumstances this is the emergence of the energy charge potential which lies between these objects. Therefore, if a piece of conducting wire connected between the two, there will be a transfer of energy, and goes on as long as there are different voltages. Voltage difference due to the occurrence of each charge has a potential power to move a load in a way attractive or reject.

Voltage difference between two points can be generated by conducting put pressure on electricity from a power plant, battery, or voltage sources other.
Batteries as a source of electric voltage

Unit to measure the electric voltage is called the Volt, or abbreviated with the letter V. PLN source voltage is 220 V, battery voltage typically 1.5 V, while the voltage batteries are usually 6 V and 12 V.

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Electrons flow

According to the theory of electron: electrons flow from the excess electrons to the electron-deficient or from the negative charge toward the positive charge. But according to the direction of the current agreement (not the direction of flow of electrons) always moves from the positive to the negative. Look at the pictures below

Figure Flow Theory Based Electricity Electrons: electrons flow from negative to positive


Figure Flow Based Electricity Agreement: electrons flow from positive to negative

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Electricity flow

The flow of electrons moving in an electrical conductor with a certain velocity called the electric current (I). The emergence of electric current because there is a potential difference at two ends of a conductor. While the potential difference in the two conductor due to one end of the conductor to get a force that drives the electrons to move.

Electric current will only occur in a closed circuit. Unit to measure the electric current is called the Ampere or abbreviated with the letter A. One coulomb charge of an electron moving through a conductor of a circuit in one second is called an Ampere. The relationship between electrical current (I), the amount of electron charge (Q), and the unit time (t) is written with the formula


Where:
- I is the electric current (in Ampere)
- Q is the electron charge (in units of coulombs)
- T is time (in seconds)

Sample questions:
What is the size of an electric current that flows when the number of electrons of 60 coulombs in a closed circuit for half a minute?

Completion:


electric currents flowing at 2 Amperes.

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Electrons arrangement

Atom consists of nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus. The core itself consists of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The electrons surrounding the nucleus are negatively charged. Large load equal protons and electrons, ie e = 1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs.

Semiconductor materials most widely used in the manufacture of electronic devices is the silicon (Si). The atom consists of nucleus and 14 electrons orbiting the nucleus. Essentially consists of 14 protons and 14 neutrons. 14 electrons orbiting the nucleus is divided into 3 groups. Group closest to the core consists of 2 electrons, the group furthest from the core consists of 4 electrons, while the third group of 8 electrons located between the two groups.

Each group also called atomic skin. So The skin has 3 atoms that contain electrons. Electrons located in the outermost shell are called valence electrons. Energy electrons in the skin closest to the core is the largest. Power is due to the attraction between positive charges in the nucleus with the negative charge of electrons.

Power is on the outer shell is the smallest, therefore the electrons are most easily separated from the core. If despite these electrons then move freely, so-called free electrons. The number of free electrons in a substance determines the nature of electricity. Movement or the movement of free electrons has resulted in the emergence of electrical energy.

When such a large amount of iron or metal, then a good electrical conductivity. This substance is then known as the conductor material. And if the number of free electrons in such a timber, then the substance is difficult to conduct electricity or insulating materials known.

The number of free electrons in a substance such as silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge) is not as much as in metals but not the least in the insulation, the electrical conductivity of metal was not as good but better than insulators. Such substances are called semi-conductor materials.

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Based on the nature of the object categories electron

Basically, electrons are in each object, whether solid, liquid or gas. Here are outlined the position of electrons in the composition of an object.

• Object is something that can be touched or seen with the naked eye.
• Molecular is the smallest of things can still be divided again and still contains the chemical elements of the object.
• Atom derived from the word which means not atomos indivisible, the smallest part of an object that can not be divided again. But after he was found redioktivitet symptoms, assuming it can not be maintained.Atom consists of electrons and atomic nuclei.

Based on the nature of the electron, it is divided into 3 categories:

1. Conductor: is it easy to conduct the electrical charge, for example iron and copper
   
2. Insulators: an object that is difficult to conduct electrical charges, for example plastic and wood
3. Semi-conductor: an object load electric conductivity is not as good but better conductor than an insulator, such as transistors and diodes

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Electronics

Electronics is the study of the properties and use of the principle of work is the flow of electrons in a vacuum or gas (as in radio tubes) and the flow of electrons in a semi-conductor (such as in transistors).

Electronics include radio, radar, television, the industry regulatory system, computer, voice recording, measuring instruments, medical tools, mobile phones and devices that use radio tubes or semi-conductor devices.

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Profile

My name Zaldi Hardiyanto
Born in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia in 1981

I know the world of electronics since junior high school, then entered a vocational high school in the electronics department STMN 2 Bandung. Graduated from there and accepted the work as Electrical Technician at a private company in the city of Bogor. Two years later I went to college in UIKA Bogor majoring in electrical engineering and graduated in 2008.

My friends call me with Caang, (words in Sunda) which means light.

If you wish to contact me, send email to zaldi_ca@yahoo.co.id
or via SMS to 08121070518
:senyum: :jempol:

Best regards

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